First we defined the term-
Globalisation is the way ideas, businesses, lifestyles, cultures, people, etc. are being more easily spread across the globe. Places are becoming more connected.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ByHKYDBc-90
We learnt that there are 2 economies working- the old economy where secondary jobs dominated, mainly males worked, and location near to raw materials like coal was important.
The new economy- where human resources are more important, work is more flexible (more females employed) and their is a knowledge based economy.
We then looked at the Clarke Fisher model- the model that shows us how employment changes as countries develop.
Here it is....
PRE- INDUSTRIAL
Countries like Burkina Faso are Pre- industrial, they are LDC nations, some of the poorest countries in the world. So because they have little 'money' most people are employed in Primary industries (mainly farming) and many live a subsistence lifestyle (growing enough to feed themselves). As a result few jobs are in secondary industries. Often these countries are isolated (BF is landlocked and much is desertified) meaning businesses are not attracted to locate there. There are some jobs in tertiary industries (services) like hospitals and transport, but these are lower than in more developed countries due to the lack of money, the governments of these countries have little to invest in vast amounts of services.
INDUSTRIAL
Most countries at some point will get rich enough, or start to develop some secondary industry- this process is INDUSTRIALISATION. where factories are built and many people move to the cities to work in these factories. This becomes a dominant sector and these countries manufacture vast amounts of goods the world uses. These are industrial countries- today China and Mexico are examples, of countries where large numbers of people have jobs in manufacturing. Secondary jobs peak and then fall off, tertiary jobs increase too, as houses are needed for the factory workers and as the country is getting wealthier they have more to invest in services for their people.
A country may then find that the manufacturing moves elsewhere, as wages increase and laws are tightened, it moves to new industrialising countries where its cheaper to do so. When a country loses its industry this process is known as DE-INDUSTRIALISATION. Factories will close down and jobs will be lost in the country- like in the welsh valleys. This will lead to a negative multiplier effect, mainly male employees lose their jobs, they can become depressed as a result, because they can no longer provide for their families. May can turn to alcohol and get addicted, creating a need for more investment in healthcare services, etc.
POST- INDUSTRIAL
Once a country or place DEINDUSTRIALISES it becomes POST INDUSTRIAL, a new sector is born QUATERNARY, where people are employed in hi technology or advanced thinking, etc. This is due to the fact that in developed countries the government is more wealthy and thus has money to invest in giving their people a good education, many get degrees and thus can be employed in these hi tech jobs. Tertiary sector dominates as a material 'want' culture develops, people work in retail, hotels, catering etc. as people have disposable income to spend on such things.
So the basic idea is the model shows that as a country develops, the dominant sector of employment changes. In pre-industrial countries Primary employment like subsistence farming dominate due to lack of money to invest in building factories. As a country gains wealth it industrialises, factories are built and tertiary jobs increase to provide services for the factory workers and make newly built towns function. Over time secondary jobs will dry up as it becomes cheaper to manufacture goods elsewhere, then deindustrialisation will happen and jobs will be lost, quaternary jobs will begin as the citizens are educated and have the skills to work in hi technology jobs. Tertiary will be at its highest as people have money to spend on luxuries (disposable income) creating jobs in retail and other sectors.
What are the criticisms of the model?
It is based on the UK and the USA and the way the employment changed in those countries as they developed.
Not all countries will follow the model through like the UK and USA, some like the UAE and Saudi Arabia rely on primary oil drilling and tourism. Countries like the Gambia in Africa have a high % employed in tertiary jobs as they have a lot of tourists, so they skipped the industrial stage.
No comments:
Post a Comment